Write Notes on Electrospray Ionization.

Electrospray Ionization:

Electrospray Ionization (ESI) uses electrical energy to assist the transfer of ions from solution into gaseous phase before they are subjected to mass spectrometric analysis.

During standard ESI, the sample is dissolved in a polar, volatile solvent which is prepared by mixing water with volatile organic compounds like methanol.

ESI involves three steps.

1) Dispersal of a fine spray of charged droplets.

2) Followed by solvent evaporation , and

3) Ion ejection from the highly charged droplets.

Question: Discuss the application of DNA fingerprinting in medicine and evolutionary studies.

DNA profiling has wide range of applications.

Application in medicine: 

i) Genetic disease diagnosis: Many disorders like Huntington's disease, Haemophilia, cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer's disease can be diagnosed by using DNA fingerprinting. With this technique genetic tests for genetic disorders have become quick and more effective.
 By employing DNA fingerprinting, with a single drop of mother's blood, doctors can find out if the fetus has any genetic abnormality or not. This technique is much safer and sophisticated for this kind of diagnosis.

VNTRs and Their Classification

• VNTR: 

• Repetitive DNA composed of copies of a short sequence ( DNA motif) is called as VNTR or Variable Number of Tandem Repeats.
      Its a location in a genome where a short nucleotide sequence is organised in a tandem repeat.

• Classification of VNTRs:
• VNTRs can be classified into two types, microsatellite and minisatellite.